Freedom of expression (FoE) and freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) are inextricably linked. A key aspect of FoRB, the free manifestation and practice of one’s religion or belief, relies upon the right to express one’s beliefs. Similarly, while the right to FoE extends beyond FoRB, it cannot be fully enjoyed unless the freedom to express one’s religion or beliefs is included. Governments that routinely violate FoRB, also violate FoE, and vice versa. 

In some countries the authorities, sometimes aided by paramilitary or other non-state actors, systematically attempt to police the very thoughts of their citizens. The affiliation of any individual or group, to a belief system that is unrelated to the political philosophy, prevailing religion or belief, or agreed position of the respective government or ruling political party, renders them automatically suspect. 

The approach to FoE and FoRB in Cuba and China is emblematic of that seen under many authoritarian regimes and one-party states. While both governments pay lip service to FoE and FoRB and maintain that they uphold both rights, their laws and practice indicate otherwise. References to FoE and FoRB in their respective legal frameworks are characterised by broad and vaguely worded justifications to limit both rights. 

These range from national security concerns, and support for the aims of the State, to mandates that expression must uphold respect for the authorities and the symbols of the country.

Ultimately, restrictions on both rights centre on the issue of control. 

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